Allah Rakha Rahman (Tamil: அல்லா ரக்கா ரஹ்மான்; born 6 January 1966 as A. S. Dileep Kumar) is an Indian film composer, record producer, musician and singer. His film scoring career began in the early 1990s with the film Roja. He has won fourteen Filmfare Awards, eleven Filmfare Awards South, four National Film Awards, two Academy Awards, two Grammy Awards, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe.[1][2]
Rahman obtained a degree in western classical music from the Trinity College of Music in London, and set up his own in-house studio called Panchathan Record Inn at Chennai, arguably one of Asia’s most sophisticated and high-tech studios.[3] Later by working in India's various film industries, international cinema and theatre, by 2009, Rahman had sold more than 300 million records of his film scores and soundtracks for over 100 film scores worldwide, making him one of the world's all-time top selling recording artists.[4][5][6] In a career spanning two decades, Rahman has scored over 100 films worldwide garnering particular acclaim for redefining contemporary film music and contributing to the success of several films. Rahman is one of the highest paid composers of the motion picture industry. He has composed a variety of non-film music during his career.
Rahman has been described as India's most prominent and prolific film composer.[7] His works are notable for integrating eastern classical music with electronic music sounds, world music genres, new technology and traditional orchestral arrangements. Time magazine has referred to him as the "Mozart of Madras" and several Tamil commentators have coined him the nickname Isai Puyal (Tamil: இசைப் புயல்; English: Music Storm). In 2009, Time magazine placed Rahman in its list of World's Most Influential People.[8]
He was introduced to Qadiri Islam when his father was dying and his younger sister fell severely sick. He describes the process as taking five years; he along with other members of his family converted in 1989 when he was 23 years old. He changed his name to Rahman.[9]
Roja's score met with high sales and acclaim in both its original and dubbed versions, bringing about a marked change in film music at the time. Rahman followed this with successful scores for Tamil–language films of the Chennai film industry including Ratnam's politically charged Bombay, the urbanite Kadhalan, Bharathiraaja's Kizhakku Cheemayile, Karuththamma, the saxophonic Duet, Indira, and the romantic comedies Mr. Romeo and Love Birds, which gained him considerable notice.[16][17] His fanbase in Japan increased with Muthu 's success there.[18] His soundtracks gained him recognition in the Tamil Nadu film industry and around the world for his stylistic versatility incorporating Western classical, Carnatic and Tamil traditional/folk music traditions, jazz, reggae and rock music.[19][20][21] The soundtrack of Bombay sold 12 million copies worldwide, becoming the highest selling Indian album of all time.[22] The Bombay Theme—from Ratnam's Bombay—would later reappear in Deepa Mehta's Fire and various compilations and media. Rangeela, directed by Ram Gopal Varma, marked Rahman's debut for Hindi-language films made in the Mumbai film industry.[23] Many successful scores for films including Dil Se and the percussive Taal followed.[24][25] Sufi mysticism would inspire the track "Chaiyya Chaiyya" from the former, as well as the composition "Zikr" from his score for the film Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, for which he created large orchestral and choral arrangements.[9] Musical cues in scores for Sangamam and Iruvar employed Carnatic vocals and instruments such as the veena with leads of rock guitar and jazz.[26] In the 2000s Rahman created hit scores for Rajiv Menon's Kandukondain Kandukondain, Alaipayuthey, Ashutosh Gowariker's Swades and Rang De Basanti.[27] He composed songs with Hindustani motifs for Water (2005). By the end of 2003, Rahman had sold more than 150 million records of his film scores and soundtracks for over 50 film scores worldwide.[6][22][28]
Rahman has worked with Indian poets and lyricists such as Javed Akhtar, Gulzar, Vairamuthu and Vaali. He has consistently produced commercially successful soundtracks when collaborating with particular film directors such as Mani Ratnam who he has worked with since Roja, and the director S. Shankar in the films Gentleman, Kadhalan, Indian, Jeans, Mudhalvan, Nayak, Boys, Sivaji and Enthiran.[29]
In 2005, Rahman extended his Panchathan Record Inn studio by establishing AM Studios in Kodambakkam, Chennai, thereby creating the most cutting-edge studio in Asia.[30][31] In 2006, Rahman launched his own music label, KM Music.[32] Its first release was his score to the film Sillunu Oru Kaadhal.[33] Rahman scored the Mandarin language picture Warriors of Heaven and Earth in 2003 after researching and utilizing Chinese and Japanese classical music, and co-scored the Shekhar Kapoor project Elizabeth: The Golden Age in 2007. His compositions have been sampled for other scores within India,[34] and appeared in such films as Inside Man, Lord of War, Divine Intervention and The Accidental Husband. In 2008, Rahman scored his first Hollywood picture, the comedy Couples Retreat released the next year. Rahman scored the film Slumdog Millionaire in 2008, for which he won a Golden Globe and two Academy Awards, becoming the first Indian citizen to do so. In the United States, the soundtrack topped the Dance/Electronic Albums chart and reached #4 on the Billboard 200 chart. The song "Jai Ho" reached #2 on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles and #15 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
In 1999, Rahman partnered with choreographers Shobhana and Prabhu Deva Sundaram and a Tamil cinema dancing troupe to perform with Michael Jackson in Munich, Germany at his "Michael Jackson and Friends" concert. In 2002, he composed the music for his maiden stage production, Bombay Dreams, commissioned by musical theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber. Finnish folk music band Värttinä collaborated with Rahman to write the music for The Lord of the Rings theatre production and in 2004, Rahman composed the piece "Raga's Dance" for Vanessa-Mae's album Choreography.[15]
Since 2004, Rahman has performed three successful world tours to audiences in Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, Dubai, the United Kingdom, Canada, the U.S. and India.[15][37] He has been collaborating with Karen David for her upcoming studio album. A two-disc soundtrack, Introducing A. R. Rahman (2006) featuring 25 of his pieces from Tamil film scores was released in May 2006, and his non-film album, Connections was released on 12 December 2008. Rahman also performed at the White House State dinner arranged by U.S. President Barack Obama during the official visit of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 24 November 2009.[38] Rahman is one of over 70 artists who performed on "We Are the World: 25 for Haiti", a charity single to raise emergency relief funds in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. In 2010, Rahman composed "Jay Jay Garvi Gujarat" in honor of the 50th anniversary of the formation of Gujarat State,[39] "Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam" as part of World Classical Tamil Conference 2010, and the official theme song of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, "Jiyo Utho Bado Jeeto". Rahman organised his first world tour, named A. R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour, in 2010. The ongoing tour was kicked off on June 11 at the Nassau Coliseum in New York and will span 16 major cities worldwide.[40]
Some of his notable compositions were performed live by the London Philharmonic Orchestra in April 2010.
Rahman's musical interests and outlook stem from his love of experimentation. Rahman's compositions, in the vein of past and contemporary Chennai film composers, bring out auteuristic uses of counterpoint, orchestration and the human voice, melding Indian pop music with unique timbres, forms and instrumentation. By virtue of these qualities, broad ranging lyrics and his syncretic style, the appeal of his music cuts across the spectrum of classes and cultures within Indian society.[42]
His first soundtrack for Roja was listed in TIME's "10 Best Soundtracks" of all time in 2005. Film critic Richard Corliss felt the "astonishing debut work parades Rahman's gift for alchemizing outside influences until they are totally Tamil, totally Rahman."[43] Rahman's initial global reach is attributed to the South Asian diaspora. Described as one of the most innovative composers to ever work in the industry, his unique style and immense success transformed film music in the 1990s prompting several film producers to take film music more seriously.[44] The music producer Ron Fair considers Rahman to be "one of the world's great living composers in any medium".[45]
The director Baz Luhrmann notes
An atheist through much of his childhood, in 1989 Rahman converted to Islam, the religion of his mother's family. He embraced this faith through Sufism. During the 81st Academy Awards ceremony, he paid tribute to his mother, saying: "There is a Hindi dialogue 'mere pass ma hai' which means even if I have got nothing I have my mother here."
Despite being a former atheist, Rahman began his own catchphrase, "Ella pughazhum iraivanukke", in Tamil which literally means "All praises dedicated to God". The phrase was further popularized after Rahman uttered it during his speech at the 81st Academy Awards ceremony.[57]
Rahman obtained a degree in western classical music from the Trinity College of Music in London, and set up his own in-house studio called Panchathan Record Inn at Chennai, arguably one of Asia’s most sophisticated and high-tech studios.[3] Later by working in India's various film industries, international cinema and theatre, by 2009, Rahman had sold more than 300 million records of his film scores and soundtracks for over 100 film scores worldwide, making him one of the world's all-time top selling recording artists.[4][5][6] In a career spanning two decades, Rahman has scored over 100 films worldwide garnering particular acclaim for redefining contemporary film music and contributing to the success of several films. Rahman is one of the highest paid composers of the motion picture industry. He has composed a variety of non-film music during his career.
Rahman has been described as India's most prominent and prolific film composer.[7] His works are notable for integrating eastern classical music with electronic music sounds, world music genres, new technology and traditional orchestral arrangements. Time magazine has referred to him as the "Mozart of Madras" and several Tamil commentators have coined him the nickname Isai Puyal (Tamil: இசைப் புயல்; English: Music Storm). In 2009, Time magazine placed Rahman in its list of World's Most Influential People.[8]
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Early life
A. R. Rahman was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India to a musically affluent Mudaliar Tamil family. His father R. K. Shekhar, was a Chennai based composer and conductor for Malayalam films. Rahman lost his father at the age of 9 and his family rented out his father's musical equipment as a source of income. He was raised by his mother Kareema (born Kashturi). During these formative years, Rahman served as a keyboard player and an arranger in bands such as "Roots", with childhood friend and percussionist Sivamani, John Anthony, Suresh Peters, JoJo and Raja.[9] Rahman is the founder of the Chennai-based rock group, "Nemesis Avenue".[10] He played the keyboard and piano, the synthesizer, the harmonium and the guitar. His curiosity in the synthesizer, in particular increased because, he says, it was the "ideal combination of music and technology".[11] He began early training in music under Master Dhanraj. At the age of 11, he joined and worked for almost a decade as a keyboardist in the troupe of the prolific and pioneering composer of the 80's Ilaiyaraaja, one of many composers to whom musical instruments belonging to Rahman's father were rented. Rahman later played in the orchestra of M. S. Viswanathan, Ramesh Naidu and Raj-Koti, accompanied Zakir Hussain, Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan and L. Shankar on world tours and obtained a scholarship to the Trinity College of Music where he graduated with a degree in Western classical music.[12]
He was introduced to Qadiri Islam when his father was dying and his younger sister fell severely sick. He describes the process as taking five years; he along with other members of his family converted in 1989 when he was 23 years old. He changed his name to Rahman.[9]
[edit] Career
Though his film career started in 1992, Rahman at the age of nine, in 1975, had accidentally played a tune on piano during his father's recording for a film, which R. K.Shekhar later developed into a complete song, "Vellithen Kinnam Pol", for the Malayalam film Penpada. This track credited to his father, was sung by Jayachandran and penned by Bharanikkavu Sivakumar.[edit] Film scoring and soundtracks
His notable film career began in 1992, when he began the Panchathan Record Inn, a music recording and mixing studio attached to the backyard of his house. Over time it would become the most advanced recording studio in India.[13] He initially composed scores for documentaries, jingles for advertisements and Indian Television channels and other projects. In 1992, he was approached by film director Mani Ratnam to compose the score and soundtrack for Ratnam's Tamil film Roja.[13][14] The debut led Rahman to receive the Rajat Kamal award for Best Music Director at the National Film Awards, an unprecedented win for a first-time film composer. Rahman has since been awarded the Silver Lotus three more times for Minsaara Kanavu (Electric Dreams, Tamil) in 1997, Lagaan (Tax, Hindi) in 2002, Kannathil Muthamittal (A Peck on the Cheek, Tamil) in 2003, the most ever by any composer.[15]Roja's score met with high sales and acclaim in both its original and dubbed versions, bringing about a marked change in film music at the time. Rahman followed this with successful scores for Tamil–language films of the Chennai film industry including Ratnam's politically charged Bombay, the urbanite Kadhalan, Bharathiraaja's Kizhakku Cheemayile, Karuththamma, the saxophonic Duet, Indira, and the romantic comedies Mr. Romeo and Love Birds, which gained him considerable notice.[16][17] His fanbase in Japan increased with Muthu 's success there.[18] His soundtracks gained him recognition in the Tamil Nadu film industry and around the world for his stylistic versatility incorporating Western classical, Carnatic and Tamil traditional/folk music traditions, jazz, reggae and rock music.[19][20][21] The soundtrack of Bombay sold 12 million copies worldwide, becoming the highest selling Indian album of all time.[22] The Bombay Theme—from Ratnam's Bombay—would later reappear in Deepa Mehta's Fire and various compilations and media. Rangeela, directed by Ram Gopal Varma, marked Rahman's debut for Hindi-language films made in the Mumbai film industry.[23] Many successful scores for films including Dil Se and the percussive Taal followed.[24][25] Sufi mysticism would inspire the track "Chaiyya Chaiyya" from the former, as well as the composition "Zikr" from his score for the film Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero, for which he created large orchestral and choral arrangements.[9] Musical cues in scores for Sangamam and Iruvar employed Carnatic vocals and instruments such as the veena with leads of rock guitar and jazz.[26] In the 2000s Rahman created hit scores for Rajiv Menon's Kandukondain Kandukondain, Alaipayuthey, Ashutosh Gowariker's Swades and Rang De Basanti.[27] He composed songs with Hindustani motifs for Water (2005). By the end of 2003, Rahman had sold more than 150 million records of his film scores and soundtracks for over 50 film scores worldwide.[6][22][28]
Rahman has worked with Indian poets and lyricists such as Javed Akhtar, Gulzar, Vairamuthu and Vaali. He has consistently produced commercially successful soundtracks when collaborating with particular film directors such as Mani Ratnam who he has worked with since Roja, and the director S. Shankar in the films Gentleman, Kadhalan, Indian, Jeans, Mudhalvan, Nayak, Boys, Sivaji and Enthiran.[29]
In 2005, Rahman extended his Panchathan Record Inn studio by establishing AM Studios in Kodambakkam, Chennai, thereby creating the most cutting-edge studio in Asia.[30][31] In 2006, Rahman launched his own music label, KM Music.[32] Its first release was his score to the film Sillunu Oru Kaadhal.[33] Rahman scored the Mandarin language picture Warriors of Heaven and Earth in 2003 after researching and utilizing Chinese and Japanese classical music, and co-scored the Shekhar Kapoor project Elizabeth: The Golden Age in 2007. His compositions have been sampled for other scores within India,[34] and appeared in such films as Inside Man, Lord of War, Divine Intervention and The Accidental Husband. In 2008, Rahman scored his first Hollywood picture, the comedy Couples Retreat released the next year. Rahman scored the film Slumdog Millionaire in 2008, for which he won a Golden Globe and two Academy Awards, becoming the first Indian citizen to do so. In the United States, the soundtrack topped the Dance/Electronic Albums chart and reached #4 on the Billboard 200 chart. The song "Jai Ho" reached #2 on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles and #15 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
[edit] Other works
Rahman has been involved in several projects aside from film. Vande Mataram, an album of his original compositions released on India's 50th anniversary of independence in 1997, enjoyed great commercial success.[35][36] He followed it up with an album for the Bharat Bala–directed video Jana Gana Mana, a conglomeration of performances by many leading exponents and artists of Indian classical music. Rahman has written jingles for ads and composed several orchestrations for athletic events, television and internet media publications, documentaries and short films.
Rahman performing at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2010
Since 2004, Rahman has performed three successful world tours to audiences in Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, Dubai, the United Kingdom, Canada, the U.S. and India.[15][37] He has been collaborating with Karen David for her upcoming studio album. A two-disc soundtrack, Introducing A. R. Rahman (2006) featuring 25 of his pieces from Tamil film scores was released in May 2006, and his non-film album, Connections was released on 12 December 2008. Rahman also performed at the White House State dinner arranged by U.S. President Barack Obama during the official visit of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 24 November 2009.[38] Rahman is one of over 70 artists who performed on "We Are the World: 25 for Haiti", a charity single to raise emergency relief funds in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. In 2010, Rahman composed "Jay Jay Garvi Gujarat" in honor of the 50th anniversary of the formation of Gujarat State,[39] "Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam" as part of World Classical Tamil Conference 2010, and the official theme song of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, "Jiyo Utho Bado Jeeto". Rahman organised his first world tour, named A. R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour, in 2010. The ongoing tour was kicked off on June 11 at the Nassau Coliseum in New York and will span 16 major cities worldwide.[40]
Some of his notable compositions were performed live by the London Philharmonic Orchestra in April 2010.
[edit] Music style and impact
Skilled in Carnatic music, Western classical, Hindustani music and the Qawwali style of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Rahman has been noted to write film songs that amalgamate elements of these music systems and other genres, layering instruments from differing music idioms in an improvisatory manner.[9][41] Symphonic orchestral themes have accompanied his scores, occasionally employing leitmotif. In the 1980s, Rahman recorded and played arrangements on monophonic sound, synonymous with the era of his musical predecessors K. V. Mahadevan and Vishwanathan–Ramamoorthy. In later years his methodology changed as he experimented with the fusion of traditional instruments with new electronic sounds and technology.[9]Rahman's musical interests and outlook stem from his love of experimentation. Rahman's compositions, in the vein of past and contemporary Chennai film composers, bring out auteuristic uses of counterpoint, orchestration and the human voice, melding Indian pop music with unique timbres, forms and instrumentation. By virtue of these qualities, broad ranging lyrics and his syncretic style, the appeal of his music cuts across the spectrum of classes and cultures within Indian society.[42]
His first soundtrack for Roja was listed in TIME's "10 Best Soundtracks" of all time in 2005. Film critic Richard Corliss felt the "astonishing debut work parades Rahman's gift for alchemizing outside influences until they are totally Tamil, totally Rahman."[43] Rahman's initial global reach is attributed to the South Asian diaspora. Described as one of the most innovative composers to ever work in the industry, his unique style and immense success transformed film music in the 1990s prompting several film producers to take film music more seriously.[44] The music producer Ron Fair considers Rahman to be "one of the world's great living composers in any medium".[45]
The director Baz Luhrmann notes
| “ | I had come to the music of A. R. Rahman through the emotional and haunting score of Bombay and the wit and celebration of Lagaan. But the more of AR's music I encountered the more I was to be amazed at the sheer diversity of styles: from swinging brass bands to triumphant anthems; from joyous pop to West-End musicals. Whatever the style, A. R. Rahman's music always possesses a profound sense of humanity and spirit, qualities that inspire me the most.[46] | ” |
[edit] Awards
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by A. R. Rahman
Rahman was the 1995 recipient of the Mauritius National Award and the Malaysian Award for contributions to music. He was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for his first West-End production. A four-time National Film Award winner and recipient of six Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, fourteen Filmfare Awards and eleven Filmfare Awards South for his music and scores. He has been conferred Kalaimamani from the Government of Tamil Nadu for excellence in the field of music and the Padma Shri from the Government of India. In 2006, he received an honorary award from Stanford University for contributions to global music.[47] In 2009, for his score of Slumdog Millionaire, Rahman won the Critics' Choice Award, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score,[48] the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, and two Academy Awards for Best Original Music Score and Best Original Song at the 2009 Oscars. Rahman has received honorary doctorates from Middlesex University and Aligarh Muslim University.[49][50] Later the year Rahman was conferred the honorary doctorate from Anna University in Chennai. He has also won two Grammy Awards, for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album and Best Song Written for a Visual Media.[1] Rahman was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honor, in 2010. Rahman was nominated for the 2011 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for the film 127 Hours.[51] He is also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, and two Academy Awards for Best Original Music Score and Best Original Song, for the same film.[52][53] He is an Honorary Fellow of the Trinity College of Music in London.[54][edit] Personal life
He is married to Saira Banu and has three children, Khatija, Rahima, and Ameen. Ameen sings the track "NaNa" from Couples Retreat and his daughter Khatija the track "Pudhiya Manidha" from Enthiran.[55][56] Rahman is the uncle of composer G. V. Prakash Kumar, who is the son of Rahman's elder sister, A. R. Reihana. His first work in film was singing on the Rahman composition "Chikku Bukku Rayile" from his score to the 1993 film Gentleman. A. R. Reihana debuted in film singing on the track "Vidai Kodu Engal Naadae" from Kannathil Muthamittal. A. R. Rahman is the co-brother of Malayalam/Tamil film actor Rahman.An atheist through much of his childhood, in 1989 Rahman converted to Islam, the religion of his mother's family. He embraced this faith through Sufism. During the 81st Academy Awards ceremony, he paid tribute to his mother, saying: "There is a Hindi dialogue 'mere pass ma hai' which means even if I have got nothing I have my mother here."
Despite being a former atheist, Rahman began his own catchphrase, "Ella pughazhum iraivanukke", in Tamil which literally means "All praises dedicated to God". The phrase was further popularized after Rahman uttered it during his speech at the 81st Academy Awards ceremony.[57]
[edit] Social service
Rahman is involved in various charitable causes. In 2004, he was appointed as the Global Ambassador of the Stop TB Partnership, a project by WHO.[15] He has shown support to charities including Save the Children, India, and worked with Yusuf Islam for his song Indian Ocean. The song featured a-ha keyboard player Magne Furuholmen and drummer Travis, Neil Primrose. The proceeds of the song went towards helping orphans in Banda Aceh, that was affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. He produced the single We Can Make It Better by Don Asian alongside Mukhtar Sahota.[58] In 2008, Rahman opened his KM Music Conservatory partnered with Audio Media Education facility to tutor and train aspiring musicians in vocals, instruments, music technology and sound design. The conservatory – with preeminent musicians on its panel and a newly founded symphony orchestra – is located near his studio in Kodambakkam, Chennai, offering courses at Beginners, Foundation and Diploma level. Violinist L. Subramaniam is on its board of advisors.[59] Several of Rahman's proteges from the studio have gone onto score music for feature films.[60] Rahman composed the theme music for a short film for The Banyan in 2006, in aid of destitute women in Chennai. In 2008, Rahman with noted percussionist Sivamani created a song titled Jiya Se Jiya, inspired by the Free Hugs Campaign and promoted it through a video shot in various cities in India.[edit] Filmography
Main article: A. R. Rahman discography
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b "India's A.R. Rahman strikes Grammys gold". Agence France-Presse. 2010. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hGgeRMlZ8ASQ9a-5v5AnbvmL0K9Q. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ "It's a bridge for Indian cinema: A R Rahman". The Economic Times (New Delhi: The Times Group). http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4179888.cms. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
- ^ "An Interview with A.R. Rahman". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/logicstudio/in-action/arrahman/. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ "Hollywood calling Rahman". The Hindustan Times. 8 December 2009. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hollywood-calling-Rahman/Article1-484246.aspx. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- ^ "A R Rahman opens online store". Deccan Herald. 6 December 2009. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/39933/a-r-rahman-opens-online.html. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- ^ a b Richard Corliss (3 May 2004). "Culture: The Mozart of Madras". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994077,00.html. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ Corliss, Richard. (January 1, 2005). That Old Feeling: Isn't It Rahmantic? Time Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
- ^ "The 2009 TIME 100 – A.R. Rahman". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893836_1894435,00.html. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Rangan, Baradwaj; Suhasini, Lalitha (14 June 2008). "A R Rahman – The Rolling Stone Interview". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone-india.com/feature/featuredetails.php?featureid=73. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
- ^ Ganti, T.. Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. p. 112
- ^ "Artist of the Month: AR Rahman". TFM Page Magazine. January 2006. http://tfmmagazine.mayyam.com/jan06/?t=5568. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
- ^ Wax, Emily (2009-02-09). "'Slumdog' Composer's Crescendo Of a Career.". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/18/AR2009021803790.html. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ a b Eur, Andy Gregory. The International Who's Who in Popular Music 2002: A. R. Rahman. pp. 419–420
- ^ Purie, Aroon (1994). "A. R. Rahman: Prodigious Debut". India Today (Living Media) 29 (1-6): 153
- ^ a b c d Iyer, Vijay. "A. R. Rahman". lotr.com. http://www.lotr.com/cast_creative/creative_bio_03.php. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- ^ Kasbekar, Asha (2006). Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts and Lifestyle. ABC-CLIO. p. 215. ISBN 9781851096367. http://books.google.com/?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA215&dq=A.+R.+Rehman+tamil. "Songs play as important a part in South Indian films and some South Indian music directors such as A. R. Rehman and Ilyaraja have an enthusiastic national and even international following"
- ^ Chaudhuri, S.. "Cinema of South India and Sri Lanka". Contemporary World Cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia. p. 149. "Now the South is believed to excel the North in many respects, including its colour labs, state of the art digital technology and sound processing facilities (which have improved the dubbing of Tamil and other South Indian languages into Hindi since the 1970s"
- ^ Prasad, Ayappa (2003). "Films don't believe in borders". Screen. http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=5670. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- ^ Ramaswamy, V.. Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. p. 199
- ^ Chaudhuri, S.. "Cinema of South India and Sri Lanka". Contemporary World Cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia. p. 149. "Southern filmmakers like Mani Ratnam, Ram Gopal Varma and Priyadarshan have altered the profile of Indian 'national' cinema. So too have southern specialists... cinematographers Santosh Sivan, P. C. Sriram and music composer A. R. Rahman who formed a highly successful team with Ratnam and have all attained star status in their own right"
- ^ Brégeat, Raïssa (1995) (in French). Indomania: le cinéma indien des origines à nos jours. Paris: Cinémathèque française. p. 133. ISBN 2900596149 9782900596142. "AR Rahman (Roja, Bombay), entre autres, exigent aujourd'hui les cachets les plus gros jamais payés à un directeur musical"
- ^ a b Das Gupta, Surajeet; Sen, Soumik. "Composing a winning score". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/21bizsp.htm. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- ^ Purie, Aroon (1995). "French Connection". India Today (Living Media) 20 (13-18): 156
- ^ Stafford, Roy. Understanding Audiences and the Film Industry. London: British Film Institute. p. 27. ISBN 9781844571413
- ^ Arnold, Alison (2000). "Film music in the late Twentieth century". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Taylor & Francis. p. 540. ISBN 9780824049461. http://books.google.com/?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=RA2-PA555&dq=A.+R.+Rahman+tamil+film+music. "The recent success of the Tamil film music director A. R. Rehman in achieving widespread popularity in the world of Hindi film music is now possibly opening doors to new South-North relationships and collaborations"
- ^ "The A R Rahman Chat". Rediff On The Net. Rediff. 17 August 1998. http://www.rediff.com/chat/rahmchat.htm. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
- ^ Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry. p. 6.
- ^ "Indian film composer for Rings". BBC. 2003-10-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3211258.stm. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- ^ Ganti, T.. Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. p. 112. "Rehman became a major star with his hit music in Roja followed by hit scores for Mani Ratnam's and Shankar's films in Tamil."
- ^ "Film Composer A.R. Rahman Selects Bag End Bass Speakers". Mix. 7 June 2006. http://mixonline.com/news/headline/bag-end-arrahman-060706/. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- ^ Omkar, Ashanti (March 2008). "Interview with A. R. Rahman". The Score Magazine (Chennai) 1 (1)
- ^ Maria Verghis, Shana (11 August 2006). "A R Rahman Interview". The Pioneer (New Delhi). http://smaramra.blogspot.com/2006/08/r-rahman-interview.html
- ^ "Cine Scope". Tamil Guardian: p. 7. 19 October 2005. http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg310/p7.pdf.
- ^ "Cinemaya 1998". Cinemaya (New Delhi) (39–41): p. 9. 1998. ISSN 0970-8782. OCLC 19234070. "However, the song was lifted by a whole range of well-known music directors from Bombay so much so that the original composition in Tamil by AR Rahman..."
- ^ Allen, John; Uck Lun Chun, Allen Chun, Ned Rossiter, Brian Shoesmith. Refashioning pop music in Asia. p. 67
- ^ "A. R. Rahman: Summary Biography". A. R. Rahman: A Biography. November 2002. http://members.tripod.com/gopalhome/arrbio.html. Retrieved 15 February 2007. "Particularly impressed with Vande Mataram, Jeremy Spencer, formerly of Fleetwood Mac stated that Rahman was the only Indian composer he knew about and liked"
- ^ Chander, Bhuvana (2006-04-19). "Tamil Cinema". Tamil Guardian: p. 15. http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg321/p15.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
- ^ Chris Richards (Nov 24, 2009). "Indian composer A.R. Rahman to perform at state dinner". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postrock/2009/11/indian_composer_ar_rahman_to_p.html.
- ^ "Gujarat turns 50 in style". Times of India. 2010-05-02. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City/Ahmedabad/Gujarat-turns-50-in-style/articleshow/5882277.cms. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ "A.R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour". A. R. Rahman Official Website. A.R. Rahman.com. http://www.arrahmanlive.com/concert/abouttour.html. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- ^ Viswanathan, T.; Harper Allen, Matthew. Music in South India. p. 139
- ^ Through innovations such as these, commentators herald Rahman's work as having "passed the relatively static makeup of Western ensembles such as jazz bands and symphony orchestras and the rigid formula of American pop songs." Todd Titon, Jeff; Linda Fujie, David Locke, David P. McAllester. "India/South India". Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples. pp. 202–205
- ^ Corliss, Richard (2005). "Best Soundtracks – ALL TIME 100 MOVIES – TIME". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,soundtracks,00.html. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- ^ Ganti, T.. Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. p. 112. "Rehman is an innovative and phenomenally successful contemporary Tamil and Hindi composer whose style transformed film music in the 1990s...he is considered a genius in the Bombay film industry, and in terms of how much control and autonomy he is allowed over his compositions and working style, he holds tremendous power over film producers and directors"
- ^ Smith, Ethan (27 February 2009). "'Slumdog' Remix: The Oscar-winning song 'Jai Ho' is reworked with help from a Pussycat Doll". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123568984902087603.html. Retrieved 2009-03-01
- ^ "Baz Luhrrman comments on A. R. Rahman". Charindaa. 2005. http://www.charindaa.org/news.html. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
- ^ Prakash, B.S. (6 July 2006). "Stanford University honours A R Rahman". Rediff. Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/06bsp.htm. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "66th Annual Golden Globe Awards". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/features/rto/2009/globes. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ "Rahman to be awarded an Honorary Degree in July". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 1 April 2009. http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200904010921.htm. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
- ^ "Rahman to be conferred honorary doctorate by AMU". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 26 May 2009. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200905261962.htm. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
- ^ "The 68th Annual Golden Globe Award". Golden Globe Award. 14 December 2010. http://www.goldenglobes.org/blog/2010/12/the-68th-annual-golden-globe-awards-nominations/. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ "127 Hours gets AR Rahman 2 Oscar nominations". Daily News and Analysis. 2011-01-25. http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_127-hours-gets-ar-rahman-2-oscar-nominations_1499034. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
- ^ "Rahman gets BAFTA nomination for 127 Hours". Hindustan Times (Indo-Asian News Service). 2011-01-18. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Rahman-gets-BAFTA-nomination-for-127-Hours/Article1-651823.aspx. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Ashanti Omkar, A. R. Rahman. (January 13, 2010). A.R Rahman interview 2010 part 1 - Vinnaithandi Varuvaayaa (VTV) - Thai Pongal special. [Web interview]. London: Thamarai.com.
- ^ Vickey Lalwani. "AR Rahman’s son sings for Hollywood". The Times of India. The Times Group. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/AR-Rahmans-son-sings-for-Hollywood/articleshow/4832755.cms. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ "A R Rahman’s daughter sings song in ‘Yanthram’". Indiaglitz. http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/58995.html. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ "Front Page : Great composer, greater human feted". Chennai: The Hindu. 2009-02-24. http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/24/stories/2009022460281200.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ "LA Phil presents Hollywood Bowl: About the Performer: AR Rahman". Hollywood Bowl Official Website. http://www.hollywoodbowl.com/music/artist_detail.cfm?id=2648. Retrieved June 2006.
- ^ "Rahman's music conservatory in June". Screen. http://www.screenindia.com/news/Rahmans-music-conservatory-in-June/285836/. Retrieved November 2008.
- ^ "Briefly Tamil Cinema". Tamil Guardian. 19 April 2006. http://www.tamilguardian.com/print.asp?articleid=602. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
[edit] References
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